ComparatorMechanism¶

Overview¶

A ComparatorMechanism is a subclass of ObjectiveMechanism that receives two inputs (a sample and a target), compares them using its function, and places the calculated discrepancy between the two in its OUTCOME OutputState.

Creating a ComparatorMechanism¶

ComparatorMechanisms are generally created automatically when other PsyNeuLink components are created (such as LearningMechanisms). A ComparatorMechanism can also be created directly by calling its constructor. Its sample and target arguments are used to specify the OutputStates that provide the sample and target inputs, respectively (see ObjectiveMechanism_Monitored_States for details concerning their specification, which are special versions of an ObjectiveMechanism’s monitored_output_states argument). When the ComparatorMechanism is created, two InputStates are created, one each for its sample and target inputs (and named, by default, SAMPLE and TARGET). Each is assigned a MappingProjection from the corresponding OutputState specified in the sample and target arguments.

It is important to recognize that the value of the SAMPLE and TARGET InputStates must have the same length and type, so that they can be compared using the ComparatorMechanism’s function. By default, they use the format of the OutputStates specified in the sample and target arguments, respectively, and the MappingProjection to each uses an IDENTITY_MATRIX. Therefore, for the default configuration, the OutputStates specified in the sample and target arguments must have values of the same length and type. If these differ, the input_states argument can be used to explicitly specify the format of the ComparatorMechanism’s SAMPLE and TARGET InputStates, to insure they are compatible with one another (as well as to customize their names, if desired). If the input_states argument is used, both the sample and target InputStates must be specified. Any of the formats for specifying InputStates can be used in the argument. If values are assigned for the InputStates, they must be of equal length and type. Their types must also be compatible with the value of the OutputStates specified in the sample and target arguments. However, the length specified for an InputState can differ from its corresponding OutputState; in that case, by default, the MappingProjection created uses a FULL_CONNECTIVITY matrix. Thus, OutputStates of differing lengths can be mapped to the sample and target InputStates of a ComparatorMechanism (see the example below), so long as the latter are of the same length. If a projection other than a FULL_CONNECTIVITY matrix is needed, this can be specified using the PROJECTION entry of a State specification dictionary for the InputState in the input_states argument.

Structure¶

A ComparatorMechanism has two input_states, each of which receives a MappingProjection from a corresponding OutputState specified in the sample and target arguments of its constructor. The InputStates are listed in the Mechanism’s input_states attribute and named, respectively, SAMPLE and TARGET. The OutputStates from which they receive their projections (specified in the sample and target arguments) are listed in the Mechanism’s sample and target attributes as well as in its monitored_output_states attribute. The ComparatorMechanism’s function compares the value of the sample and target InputStates. By default, it uses a LinearCombination function, assigning the sample InputState a weight of -1 and the target a weight of 1, so that the sample is subtracted from the target. However, the function can be customized, so long as it is replaced with one that takes two arrays with the same format as its inputs and generates a similar array as its result. The result is assigned as the value of the Comparator Mechanism’s OUTCOME (primary) OutputState.

Execution¶

When a ComparatorMechanism is executed, it updates its input_states with the values of the OutputStates specified in its sample and target arguments, and then uses its function to compare these. By default, the result is assigned to the value of its OUTCOME output_state, and as the first item of the Mechanism’s output_values attribute.

Example

Formatting InputState values

The default_variable argument can be used to specify a particular format for the SAMPLE and/or TARGET InputStates of a ComparatorMechanism. This can be useful when one or both of these differ from the format of the OutputState(s) specified in the sample and target arguments. For example, for Reinforcement Learning, a ComparatorMechanism is used to monitor an action selection Mechanism (the sample), and compare this with a reinforcement signal (the target). In the example below, the action selection Mechanism is a TransferMechanism that uses the SoftMax function (and the PROB as its output format) to select an action. This generates a vector with a single non-zero value (the selected action). Because the output is a vector, specifying it as the ComparatorMechanism’s sample argument will generate a corresponding InputState with a vector as its value. This will not match the reward signal specified in the ComparatorMechanism’s target argument, the value of which is a single scalar. This can be dealt with by explicitly specifying the format for the SAMPLE and TARGET InputStates in the default_variable argument of the ComparatorMechanism’s constructor, as follows:

>>> import psyneulink as pnl
>>> my_action_selection_mech = pnl.TransferMechanism(size=5,
...                                                  function=pnl.SoftMax(output=pnl.PROB))

>>> my_reward_mech = pnl.TransferMechanism()

>>> my_comparator_mech = pnl.ComparatorMechanism(default_variable = [[0],[0]],
...                                              sample=my_action_selection_mech,
...                                              target=my_reward_mech)


Note that my_action_selection_mechanism is specified to take an array of length 5 as its input, and therefore generate one of the same length as its primary output. Since it is assigned as the sample of the ComparatorMechanism, by default this will create a SAMPLE InputState of length 5, that will not match the length of the TARGET InputState (the default for which is length 1). This is taken care of, by specifying the default_variable argument as an array with two single-value arrays (corresponding to the SAMPLE and TARGET InputStates). (In this example, the sample and target arguments are specified as Mechanisms since, by default, each has only a single (primary) OutputState, that will be used; if either had more than one OutputState, and one of those was desired, it would have had to be specified explicitly in the sample or target argument).

Class Reference¶

class psyneulink.library.mechanisms.processing.objective.comparatormechanism.COMPARATOR_OUTPUT
SSE
the value of the sum squared error of the Mechanism’s function
MSE
the value of the mean squared error of the Mechanism’s function
class psyneulink.library.mechanisms.processing.objective.comparatormechanism.ComparatorMechanism( sample, target, input_states=[SAMPLE,TARGET] function=LinearCombination(weights=[[-1],[1]], output_states=OUTCOME params=None, name=None, prefs=None)

Subclass of ObjectiveMechanism that compares the values of two OutputStates.

Parameters: sample (OutputState, Mechanism, value, or string) – specifies the value to compare with the target by the function. target (OutputState, Mechanism, value, or string) – specifies the value with which the sample is compared by the function. input_states (List[InputState, value, str or dict] or Dict[] : default [SAMPLE, TARGET]) – specifies the names and/or formats to use for the values of the sample and target InputStates; by default they are named SAMPLE and TARGET, and their formats are match the value of the OutputStates specified in the sample and target arguments, respectively (see Structure for additional details). function (Function, function or method : default Distance(metric=DIFFERENCE)) – specifies the function used to compare the sample with the target. output_states (List[OutputState, value, str or dict] or Dict[] : default [OUTCOME]) – specifies the OutputStates for the Mechanism; params (Optional[Dict[param keyword: param value]]) – a parameter dictionary that can be used to specify the parameters for the Mechanism, its function, and/or a custom function and its parameters. Values specified for parameters in the dictionary override any assigned to those parameters in arguments of the constructor. name (str : default see name) – specifies the name of the ComparatorMechanism. prefs (PreferenceSet or specification dict : default Mechanism.classPreferences) – specifies the PreferenceSet for the ComparatorMechanism; see prefs for details.
sample

OutputState – determines the value to compare with the target by the function.

target

OutputState – determines the value with which sample is compared by the function.

input_states

ContentAddressableList[InputState, InputState] – contains the two InputStates named, by default, SAMPLE and TARGET, each of which receives a MappingProjection from the OutputStates referenced by the sample and target attributes (see Structure for additional details).

function

CombinationFunction, function or method – used to compare the sample with the target. It can be any PsyNeuLink CombinationFunction, or a python function that takes a 2d array with two items and returns a 1d array of the same length as the two input items.

value

1d np.array – the result of the comparison carried out by the function.

output_state

OutputState – contains the primary OutputState of the ComparatorMechanism; the default is its OUTCOME OutputState, the value of which is equal to the value attribute of the ComparatorMechanism.

output_states

ContentAddressableList[OutputState] – contains, by default, only the OUTCOME (primary) OutputState of the ComparatorMechanism.

output_values

2d np.array – contains one item that is the value of the OUTCOME OutputState.

name

str – the name of the ComparatorMechanism; if it is not specified in the name argument of the constructor, a default is assigned by MechanismRegistry (see Naming for conventions used for default and duplicate names).

prefs

PreferenceSet or specification dict – the PreferenceSet for the ComparatorMechanism; if it is not specified in the prefs argument of the constructor, a default is assigned using classPreferences defined in __init__.py (see PreferenceSet for details).